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Understanding Swine Flu Spread: Questions and Answers
By John Lauerman
April 27, 2009 (Bloomberg) -- Swine flu, a virus that normally infects pigs, has been detected in people in Mexico, the U.S., New Zealand, Canada, and the U.K. Health officials around the world are checking to see whether infections have occurred in their countries, and readying measures to prevent its spread.
Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about swine flu. The information is drawn from the data released by the World Health Organization in Geneva and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.
Q: What is swine flu? A: Influenza is a virus that infects people, birds, pigs and other animals such as ferrets. Swine flu, or swine influenza, is a form of the virus that normally infects pigs. There are many forms of flu, and the different varieties have the ability to exchange genes with one another. The form of flu that originated in Mexico is a genetic mixture of viruses that have been seen in pigs, birds and people. It’s being called a swine flu because the overall structure of the virus is of the type that affects pigs, said Keiji Fukuda, a WHO official.
Q: How do people catch swine flu? A: Studies are ongoing about how this particular swine flu is transmitted. Flu is generally transmitted through the respiratory tract. Droplets of infected body fluids may carry flu when people cough or sneeze. Studies indicate that masks called N95 respirators, when properly used, filter germs from the breath and hamper the spread of flu. Neither contact with pigs nor eating pork has been linked to the spread of the flu, Fukuda said today. Still, health researchers are working to establish that the virus is spreading from person-to-person.
Q: What are the symptoms of swine flu? A: About one to four days usually elapse between the time a person is infected and the onset of symptoms. Influenza normally causes symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, headaches and body aches, fever, chills, and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea. Swine flu causes the same symptoms, and may be difficult to distinguish from other strains of flu and respiratory illnesses. Severe cases of flu that lead to death are normally seen in very young and very old people whose immune systems are too weak to fight off the virus. Adults with severe illness may also have difficulty breathing, dizziness, confusion, or severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Q: Is there a vaccine against the swine flu from Mexico? A: Flu vaccines generally contain a dead or weakened form of a circulating virus. The vaccine prepares the body’s immune system to fend off a true infection. For the vaccine to work, it must match the circulating, “wild-type” virus relatively closely. There is no vaccine currently that exactly matches the swine flu. The seasonal flu vaccine doesn’t appear effective against swine flu, said Richard Besser, acting head of the CDC.
Millions of people in the U.S. were vaccinated against swine flu in 1976. While that was not the same strain of flu as the one from Mexico, people who got the 1976 vaccine or who were exposed to that flu may have enough protection against the swine virus to prevent it or make an infection milder, said Robert Booy, head of clinical research at the National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance in Sydney.
Vaccine makers have contacted the World Health Organization about obtaining samples of the virus needed to make a vaccine. Making flu vaccine can take three to six months, depending on the type of manufacturing. No decision has been made to order a vaccine against swine flu, the CDC’s Besser said today.
Q: How can I tell if my child is sick? A: Children who are breathing abnormally fast or slowly may have respiratory illness. Bluish skin indicates a need for quick attention. Children who are abnormally sluggish and sleepy, irritable, or have fever or rash may also need attention.
Q: Have there been outbreaks of swine flu before? A: Yes. Health officials said in 1976 that an outbreak of swine flu in people might lead to a pandemic. Widespread vaccination was carried out in the U.S. before experts determined that the virus was not dangerous enough to cause a pandemic. Swine flu occasionally infects people in the U.S. without causing large outbreaks. From 2005 through January 2009, there were 12 reported swine flu cases in the U.S. None of them caused deaths.
Q: Why are health officials concerned about the outbreak of swine flu? A: When flu viruses mix their genes with one another, they can take on new forms. New flu viruses are harder for the immune system to defend against. With little or no opposition from the immune system, they can grow quickly and invade many tissues and organs. They may also set off a harmful immune overreaction in the body, called a “cytokine storm,” that may be lethal in itself. The swine flu virus from Mexico may have the ability to spread quickly and kill people, possibly causing a worldwide pandemic, according to the WHO. Researchers are conducting studies to determine how easily the virus spreads in people and how dangerous it is.
Q: What’s a flu pandemic? A: Flu pandemics occur when new influenza viruses emerge that spread quickly and few people have immunity to them. While influenza viruses were only discovered about a century ago, researchers believe flu pandemics hit about twice or three times each century. Some pandemics are relatively mild, killing just a few million people globally. The most severe flu pandemic on record was the 1918 Spanish Flu, and researchers estimate it killed about 50 million people around the world.
Q: Are there any similarities between the swine flu and earlier pandemic viruses? A: Flu viruses are classified by two proteins on their surface, called H for hemagglutinin and N for neuraminidase. The swine flu found in Mexico and the 1918 Spanish Flu viruses are of the H1N1 subtype. Both viruses appear to have originated in animals; researchers believe the Spanish Flu spread to people from birds. The two viruses are not identical, and there are still many genetic differences between them that researchers are studying.
Q: Do all H1N1 viruses cause pandemics? A: Not all H1N1 viruses cause pandemics. H1N1 descendants of the Spanish Flu virus continue to circulate in people and sometimes cause outbreaks of seasonal flu.
Q: Are there drugs that treat swine flu? A: Roche Holding AG’s Tamiflu and GlaxoSmithKline Plc’s Relenza both react against swine flu. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is releasing 25 percent of its stockpile of Tamiflu and Relenza, according to Secretary Janet Napolitano. Flu viruses sometimes develop resistance to antiviral drugs. The human form of H1N1 that’s currently circulating is resistant to Roche’s Tamiflu (not Relenza). If the two viruses were to exchange genes, the swine flu might become resistant, too.
Q: How else can I protect myself from swine flu? A: Personal hygiene measures, such as avoiding people who are coughing or sneezing and frequent hand-washing, may prevent flu infection. Those who aren’t health professionals should avoid contact with sick people, or those who are coughing or sneezing. People who get sick with flu symptoms should stay home. Studies have suggested that closing schools, theaters, and canceling gatherings in the early stages of a pandemic can limit its spread. Such measures would likely take place if health officials determine that the virus is spreading quickly enough and is deadly enough to cause a pandemic.
(Thank you and credits to http://www.bloomberg.comn and all sources for the information and pictures)
6 PELAJAR DIBERI LAGU TUGASAN BARU UNTUK KONSERT MINGGU KETUJUH YANG AKAN DISIARKAN SECARA LANGSUNG DARI DEWAN SRI PUTRA, BUKIT JALIL PADA 2 MEI 2009 JAM 9.00 MELALUI ASTRO RIA SALURAN 104 - TEMA: MINGGU THEATER MUZIKAL
********************************************************************************** Berikut adalah lagu tugasan 6 pelajar AF7 untuk minggu kelapan:
PELAJAR LELAKI
AKIM - TITAH SULTAN (PGL) YAZID - RATU NOVELLA (IMPAK MAKSIMA) HAFIZ - DIMANAKAN KU CARI GANTI (P.RAMLEE THE MUSICAL)
YAZID: RATU NOVELLA – FABULOUS CATS – IMPAK MAKSIMA
(L)
Bertumit tinggi Jari warna-warni Rambut kuning macam ikan laga Pipi merah macam lampu trafik Ahli silentik semacam ekor kuda
(L) Badan melentik Jalan terkedik Buat-buat tonggek Asyik beregek Nak nampak gerek
(P) Biar… Kata orang tak dipedulikannya Tambah mengada Biar… Ditolak dengan aneka cara Ratu beraja
(ramai-ramai) Dia Ratu Novella Gaya hidup si drama mama Cerita-ceritanya saja Mana-mana Ya ya ya ya ya ya Lenggang-lenggok bak primadona Posing maut bertakhta tiara Gincu tebal merah menyala Itu dia si Ya ya ya ya ya
Yo yo yo oooo (8x)
(P)
Kawan-kawan langkah seribu Semua dah tak sebulu Sebab takut, takut dengan gelagat yang tak menentu Kata orang kau tak setuju Engkau anggap itu merapu Engkau bagai si luncai yang terjun dengan labu
(ramai) Dia Ratu Novella Gaya hidup si drama mama Cerita-ceritanya saja Mana-mana Ya ya ya ya ya ya
Lenggang-lenggok bak primadona Posing maut bertakhta tiara Gincu tebal merah menyala Itu dia si Ya ya ya ya ya
(P) Tuan tuan dan puan puan Ladies and gentleman Tukang bancuh tukang simen Tukang kasut serta pomen Postoman rotiman Superman Ultraman Keluangman Cicakman Sua sue good mornin
Jaga-jaga ya sebelum termain Sedar tak sedar Dalam kelompok kawan-kawan kita sendiri Mungkin kita sendiri Yang berkelakuan sepertinya
Madah pujangga
Cerita berbisa ini penambah MACP Minah superstar lagak bak peragawati Ratu novella meletup segala ciri-ciri Hidup pasti tinggi ulu mari paling asli
Cari kawan handal untuk senang jadi terkenal Make-up kena tebal lagaknya tak boleh diramal Tak kisah menumpang kadang-kadang bagaikan parasit Kandang ke kandang meninggalkan penyakit
Bibirnya tebal menyala macam bercili Baru nak tabit berpot pet tak henti-henti Menyapuk cerita kata ceritanya lagi gila Sekali memek muka tangan kaki berbicara
Melaram merata-rata malam berpesta saja Gerangan tak diundang pasti dia menjelma Nak ditegur salah ratu bahan jenaka Biarkan aja Persembahan Ratu Novella
Dia Ratu Novella Gaya hidup si drama mama Cerita-ceritanya saja Mana-mana Ya ya ya ya ya ya
Lenggang-lenggok bak primadona Posing maut bertakhta tiara Gincu tebal merah menyala Itu dia si Ya ya ya ya ya
Tidakku percaya apa yang kudengar Dari dia kekasihku yang didakapanku Butakah hatimu menatap hatiku? Yang membawa ku kemari menagih cintamu? Pandanglah ku dan ingati semula sumpahmu
Yang kita akan abadi sehidup semati Katakanlah…… kepadaku bahwa hadirmu semata-mata cinta jangan ucapkan yang dikau harus berkorban hingga aku sanggup kau tinggalkan Bukalah hatimu, merasa hatiku
Dan mengaku kau dan aku Kan menjadi satu Kejamlah dirimu andai membunuhku dengan kata-kata yang bukan dari hatimu Sebutkanlah semula Oh, sumpahmu sendiri
disinilah akhir kita yang kekal abadi katakanlah…… kepadaku bahwa hadirmu semata-mata cinta jangan ucapkan yang dikau harus berkorban
hingga aku sanggup kau tinggalkan Apa cinta sanggup kau kuburkan?
Tidak secantik potret yang terlakar dikaca Inikah makna cinta Datangnya berbunga- bunga belum dijamah pahitnya jelas terasa..
Ku renung kisah kita Perbalahan antara Erti bersama Airmata dan lelah buat kita berbalah Dendam terwujud segala yang indah Hilang……
hilang…
Dari satu hujung ke satu penghujung berlari Tapi hanya makin ku jalani Jalan - jalan yang sempit sekali
Imbasan warna- warni cerita - cerita dalam hidup kita Hingga paling kelamkan terpapar di slot akasia...
Berpasangan insan telah dijadikan Dalam satu jiwa bakal mewujudkan Bermusim kegelapan dapat dipinggirkan Namun kita manusia senang dibutakan
Menyintai bukan untuk disakiti Sejambak bicara harus ditepati Carta belaian jiwa dilonjakkan tinggi Tak menjunam jatuh menghempas ke bumi
Sejati itu yang kau ucapkan (tinggal kenangan) Sebuah melodi dan hanyalah satu ungkapan Kata - kata lontaran sekadar ukiran (gagal segala impian) hiasan Takkan berbunyi bila bertepuk sebelah tangan
Setinggi mana tak guna nak (tinggal kenangan) dikecapi Tiada lagi satu dua tiada erti Tiada lagi rekaan khayalan mimpi (erti sejati) ngeri menyelubungi (sejati) Hanya meniti menanti mati
ref 2: Dari satu hujung ke satu penghujung berlari Tapi hanya makin ku jalani Jalan - jalan yang sempit sekali
Imbasan warna- warni cerita - cerita dalam hidup kita Hingga paling kelamkan terpapar di slot akasia... (2x)
JANGAN LUPA UNTUK TERUS MENONTON SINETRON INTAN BERSAMA-SAMA DENGAN SHINYSTAR SETIAP HARI ISNIN HINGGA JUMAAT JAM 11.00 MALAM DI ASTRO PRIMA
POSTER INTAN DAN RADO - CINTA MEREKA YANG TIDAK PERNAH PUDAR (Terima kasih dan kredit diberikan kepada sarahdin Channel yang telah meluangkan masanya design dua poster "SINETRON INTAN" ini untuk shinystar)
Sambungan seterusnya kisah sinetron Intan yang bersiaran di Astro Prima pada 10 April 2009 jam 11.00 malam dan siaran ulangannya pada hari keesokannya pada jam 4.00 petang - Episode terkini:Sinopsis Intan terkini: Episode 223 pada 27 April 2009
Opening Tema Intan
Biodata/Profile Dude Harlino: (Terima kasih dan kredit diberikan kepada sarah untuk poster Dude Harlino)
Nama Lahir: Dude Harlino (Nama Dude adalah singkatan dari "Dua Desember" yaitu tanggal kelahirannya - tanggal kelahirannya)
Tarikh Lahir: 2 Desember 1980 (umur 28) Tempat Lahir: Indonesia, Jakarta Tahun aktif: sejak 1999 - sekarang
* Naysila Mirdad sebagai Intan * Dude Harlino sebagai Rado * Glenn Alinskie sebagai Ello * Ingka Noverita sebagai Lila * Meriam Bellina sebagai Nadine * Anwar Fuady sebagai Arman * Mathias Muchus sebagai Ardi * Ninok Wiryono sebagai Kasih * Nani Widjaya sebagai Lastri * Umar Lubis sebagai Dr. Frans * Rico Tampatty sebagai Fajar * Indah Indriana sebagai Rena * Rama Michael sebagai Romi * Manfreed sebagai Jemmy * Nunu Datau sebagai Wina * Salma Paramitha sebagai Bintang * Alyssa Tardipa sebagai Tiara * Kevin Julio sebagai Kevin * Virgo Brody sebagai Mico * Ricardo Senzienz sebagai Bobby *Rio Reifan sebagai Dewa
Review/Sinopsis Episode Akhir Intan:
Doktor memaklumkan bahwa mereka tidak berjaya menyelematkan mama Kasih. Doa memberitahu amanat terakhir mama Kasih kepada Dr Frans, Intan dan Rado. Mama Kasih meminta supaya diberikan kedua matanya kepada Intan. Intantidak rela menerima permintaan itu. Intan ga bisa kerana dia bakal¡ melihat¡ ketiadaan mamanya. Doktor pun tidak memaksa dan memberi masasupaya Intan berfikir semula.
Majlis pengkembumian mama Kasihdiselubungi kesedihan. Kebanyakan ahli keluarga Intan berada di situ.Termasuk Kak Gery, Kak Sinta, Kak Jemy dan Bunga (yang agak lama tidak muncul).
Bintang akhirnya sadar. Ingatannya juga sudah pulih.Bintang bertanya keberadaan mama Kasih. Rado pun memberitahu kalau omaKasih sudah meninggal.
Dr Frans menonton video yang ditinggalkan Kasih untuknya. Di video itu Kasih memberitahu kalau sakit jantungnya sudah parah.
Intanteringat saat-saat permulaan dia mengenali mama Kasih. Intan sedihkarena dia merasakan seumur hidupnya dia hanya bikin mama Kasih bersedih. Rado bertanya apakah Intan ga mau merubah keputusannya untukmenerima donor mata dari mama Kasih. Intan tetap bingung.
Intandan Rado menjemput Bintang pulang. Bintang pinta supaya dibawa ke suatutempat- kubur oma Kasihnya. Bintang mengucapkan terima kasih kepada omaKasih.
Dr Frans datang bertemu Intan dan Rado untuk menyerahkan rekaman peninggalan mama Kasih. Di rekaman itu, mama Kasihmenyatakan hasratnya memberikan kedua matanya kepada Intan. Intan berasa sangat sedih.
Intan akhirnya menjalani operasi mata. Radodan Bintang meraikan ultah Intan di rumah sakit. Kali pertama dibuka balutan matanya, Intan ga bisa melihat apa-apa. Disuruh cuba skali lagi oleh doktor. Akhirnya Intan bisa melihat semula.
Dr Fransbertemu sama keluarga Nadine dan papa Fajar untuk membincangkan pestakejutan sempena ultah Intan. Pesta itu sebenarnya sudah dirancang olehmama Kasih.
Rado membawa Intan ke tempat pesta dan memberitahukalau ianya sengaja dirancang oleh mama Kasih. Saat itu juga rekamandari mama Kasih ditayangkan. Kesedihan menyelubungi lagi.
Semuamuncul dengan nyanyian lagu Happy Birthday buat Intan. Mama Wina danpapanya Rado juga ada! Bintang pun menyampaikan lagunya kepada mamanya.Sesudah itu dipanggil Intan ke pentas menyanyi bersama. Tiba-tibamuncul sang penyanyi sebenar Letto. Intan menjerit terperanjat. Semuapun menyanyi!
Intan melihat mama Kasih, Ello (!!!), nenek Lastri dan Rangga di atas langit melambai-lambai kepadanya.
Dokter Rado, Intan dan Bintang mengucapkan TERIMA KASIH SEMUA!! (review by:saeah85)
Sambungan kisah sinetron Intan Episode 223 pada 27 April 2009
Sambungan kisah sinetron Intan Episode 223 Part 1
Sambungan kisah sinetron Intan Episode 223 Part 2
Sambungan kisah sinetron Intan Episode 223 Part 3
Sambungan kisah sinetron Intan Episode 223 Part 4
Sambungan kisah sinetron Intan Episode 223 Part 5
Sambungan kisah sinetron Intan Episode 223 Part 6
(Terima kasih dan kredit diberikan kepada Astro Prima Saluran 105, http://www.sinemart.com, RCTI, adhie21: http://sinetron.forumco.com, luv cat: http://mforum.cari.com.my, http://sinetron.forumco.com, http://www.bigonblog.blogspot.com, http://id.wikipedia.org dan semua sumber atas maklumat dan gambar sinetron Intan)